Addressing Power Loss and Voltage Profile Issues in Electrical Distribution Systems: A Novel Approach Using Polar Bear Gradient-Based Optimization

Energy is an essential commodity for everyone, with electrical energy being the most preferred form.
Unfortunately, non-renewable energy resources are gradually depleting, and renewable energy sources take several years to
establish. To mitigate this problem, technology has shifted from non-renewable energy sources to electrical devices and machines,
including household appliances like washing machines and air conditioners. However, the generation of electricity is still inadequate
to meet the growing demand. This leads to two major problems: high power loss and poor voltage profile, making it difficult for
power distribution companies to ensure a consistent and reliable power supply. This paper aims to address the reduction and
minimization of power losses by adjusting distribution side transformer tap settings using the polar bear gradient-based optimization.
The proposed approach uses the 14-bus system as a reference and calculates losses for this system using the backward-forward
sweeping technique. The results are compared with standard PSO algorithm; the proposed strategy shows superior results.
Keywords: Capacitor Banks, Distribution Network, Electric Vehicles (EVs), Gradient-Based Optimization, Load Demand Curve,
Power Losses, Power Distribution, Power Factor, Radial Distribution System (RDS), Reactive Power Compensation, Voltage
Dependent Load Modeling, Voltage Profiles.